LETTERS JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, TO HIS SON, THE BIBLE AND ITS TEACHINGS, PREFACE. John Quincy Adams, the writer of the following Letters, is widely known as one of the purest and most eminent men of our age. Born in 1767, during the fierce and absorbing discussions of the rights and responsibilities of rulers which heralded our Revolution and war of Independence, he entered his country’s service, while yet a mere lad, as secre- tary to the Russian embassy, and remained through life, with few and brief intermissions, a public ser- vant, filling successively the posts of secretary, em- bassador, United States senator, negotiator of the last treaty of peace with Great Britain, secretary of state, president, and finally representative in Con- gress, which station he filled from 1831 to the hour of his death, which took place in the Capitol, Febru- ary 23, 1848, he having been stricken down with PREFACE. 6 paralysis, while in the act of rising to address the house, two days before; having lived more than eighty years, and passed nearly or quite three fourths of his days in public stations. Though nat- urally reserved and diffident in manner, and never in the obvious sense a pppular man — for his life was devoted to serving rather than pleasing his countrymen — he was profoundly and generally es- teemed for his fearless conscientiousness, his ardent patriotism, his vast and various acquirements, and his unfaltering devotion to human freedom. The funeral honors paid to his memory have had no parallel in this country, except in the case of Wash- ington. Those who had seen fit to oppose his elec- tion and to defeat his re-election as president, and to whom he had generally stood opposed in party differences, seemed to vie with his warmest sup- porters in rendering homage to his memory. The following letters were written by Mr. Adams, while embassador at St. Petersburgh, to one of his sons, who was at school in Massachusetts. Their purpose is the inculcation of a love and reverence for the Holy Scriptures, and a delight in their pe- PREFACE. 7 rusal and study. Throughout his long life, Mr. Ad- ams was himself a daily and devout reader of the Scriptures, and delighted in comparing and consid- ering them in the various languages with which he was familiar, hoping thereby to acquire a nicer and clearer appreciation of their meaning. The Bible was emphatically his counsel and monitor through life, and the fruits of its guidance are seen in the unsullied character which he bore through the tur- bid waters of political contention to his final earthly rest. Though long and fiercely opposed and con- temned in life, he left no man behind him who would wish to fix a stain on the name he has in- scribed so high on the roll of his country’s most gifted and illustrious sons. The intrinsic value of these letters, their familiar and lucid style, their profound and comprehensive views, their candid and reverent spirit, must win for them a large measure of the public attention and esteem. But, apart from even this, the testimony so unconsciously borne by their pure-minded and profoundly learned author to the truth and excel- lence of the Christian faith and records, will not be 8 PREFACE. lightly regarded. It ia no slight testimonial to the verity and worth of Christianity, that in all ages since its promulgation, the great mass of those who have risen to eminence by their profound wisdom, integrity, and philanthropy, have recognised and reverenced in Jesus of Nazareth, the Son of the living God. To the names of Augustine, Xavier, Fenelon, Milton. Newton, Locke, Lavater, Howard, Chateaubriand, and their thousands of compeers in Christian faith, among the world’s wisest and no- blest, it is not without pride that the American may add, from among his countrymen, those of such men as Washington, Jay, Patrick Henry, and John Quincy Adams. THE BIBLE AND ITS TEACHINGS. LETTER I. St. Petersburg, Sept., 1811. My Dear Son : In your letter of the 18th January t?o your mother, you men- tioned that you read to your aunt a chap- ter in the Bible or a section of Dod- dridge’s Annotations every evening. This information gave me real pleasure ; for so great is my veneration for the Bible, and so strong my belief, that when duly read and meditated on, it is of all books in the world, that which contributes most to make men good, wise, and happy — that the earlier my children begin to read it, the more steadily they pursue the prac- 10 THE BIBLE tice of reading it throughout their lives, the more lively and confident will be my hopes that they will prove nsefnl citi- zens to their country, respectable mem- bers of society, and a real blessing to their parents. But I hope you have now arrived at an age to understand that read- ing, even in the Bible, is a thing in itself, neither good nor bad, but that all the good which can be drawn from it, is by the use and improvement of what you have read, with the help of your own reflection. Young people sometimes boast of how many books, and how much they have read ; when, instead of boast- ing, they ought to be ashamed of having wasted so much time, to so little profit. I advise you, my son, in whatever you read, and most of all in reading the Bi- ble, to remember that it is for the pur- pose of making you wiser and more vir- tuous. I have myself, for many years, AND ITS TEACHINGS. 11 made it a practice to read through the Bible once every year. I have always endeavored to read it with the same spirit and temper of mind, which I now recom- mend to you : that is, with the intention and desire that it may contribute to my advancement in wisdom and virtue. My desire is indeed very imperfectly success- ful ; for, like you, and like the Apostle Paul, “ I find a law in my members, war- ring against the laws of my mind.” But as I know that it is my nature to be imper- fect, so I know that it is my duty to aim at perfection ; and feeling and deploring my own frailties, I can only pray Almighty God, for the aid of his Spirit to strength- en my good desires, and to subdue my propensities to evil ; for it is from him, that every good and every perfect gift descends. My custom is, to read four or five chapters every morning, immediately after rising from my bed. It employs 12 THE BIBLE about an hour of my time, and seems to me the most suitable manner of begin- ning the day. But, as other cares, du- ties, and occupations, engage the remain- der of it, I have perhaps never a sufficient portion of my time in meditation, up- on what I have read. Even meditation itself is often fruitless, unless it has some special object in view; useful thoughts often arise in the mind, and pass away without being remembered or applied to any good purpose — like the seed scat- tered upon the surface of the ground, which the birds devour, or the wind blows away, or which rot without ta- king root, however good the soil may be upon which they are cast. We are all, my dear George, unwilling to confess our own faults, even to ourselves : and when our own consciences are too honest to conceal them from us, our self-love is always busy, either in attempting to dis- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 13 guise them to us under false and delusive colors, or in seeking out excuses and apol- ogies to reconcile them to our minds. Thus, although I am sensible that I have not derived from my assiduous perusal of the Bible (and I might apply Ihe same remark to almost everything else that I do) all the benefit that I might and ought, I am as constantly endeavoring to per- suade myself that it is not my own fault. Sometimes I say to myself, I do not un- derstand what I have read ; I can not help it ; I did not make my own under- standing : there are many things in the Bible “ hard to understand,” as St. Peter expressly says of Paul’s epistles : some are hard in the Hebrew, and some in the Greek — the original languages in which the Scriptures were written ; some are harder still in the translations. I have been obliged to lead a wandering life about the world, and scarcely ever have 14 THE BIBLE at hand the book, which might help me to surmount these difficulties. Conscience sometimes puts the question — whether my not understanding many passages is not owing to my want of attention in reading them. I must admit, that it is ; a full proof of which is, that every time 1 read the Book through, I understand some passages which I never understood before, and which I should have done, at a former reading, had it been effected with a sufficient degree of attention. Then, in answer to myself, I say : It is true ; but I can not always command my own attention, and never can to the de- gree that I wish. My mind is ofttimes so full of other things, absorbed in bodily pain, or engrossed by passion, or distracted by pleasure, or exhausted by dissipa- tion, that I can not give to proper daily employment the attention which I gladly would, and which is absolutely necessary AND ITS TEACHINGS. 15 to make it “fruitful of good works.” This acknowledgment of my weakness is just ; but for how much of it I am still accountable to God, I hardly dare ac- knowledge to myself. Is it bodily pain ? How often was that brought upon me by my owti imprudence or folly? Was it passion? Heaven has given to every human being, the power of controlling his passions, and if he neglects or loses it, the fault is his own, and he must be answerable for it. Was it pleasure ? Why did I indulge it ? Was it dissipa- tion ? This is the most inexcusable of all ; for it must have been occasioned by my own thoughtlessness or irresolution. It is of no use to discover our own faults and infirmities, unless the discovery prompts us to amendment. I have thought if in addition to the hour which I daily give to the reading of the Bible, I should also from time to time 16 THE BIBLE (and especially on the Sabbath) apply another hour occasionally to communicate to you the reflections that arise in my mind upon its perusal, it might not only tend to fix and promote my own attention to the excellent instructions of that sa- cred Book, but perhaps also assist your advancement in its knowledge and wis- dom. At your age, it is probable that you have still greater difficulties to un- derstand all that you read in the Bible, than I have at mine ; and if you have so much self-observation as your letters in- dicate, you will be sensible of as much want of attention, both voluntary and involuntary, as I here acknowledge in myself. I intend, therefore, for the pur- pose of contributing to your improvement and my own, to write you several let- ters, in due time to follow this, in which I shall endeavor to show you how you may derive the most advantage to yourself, AND ITS TEACHINGS. 17 from the perusal of the Scriptures. It is probable, when you receive these let- ters, you will not, at first reading entirely understand them ; if that should be the case, ask your grand-parents, or your uncle or aunt, to explain them : if you still find them too hard, put them on file, and lay them by for two or three years, after which read them again, and you will find them easy enough. It is essen- tial, my son, in order that you may go through life with comfort to yourself, and usefulness to your fellow-creatures, that you should fonn and adopt certain rules or principles, for the government of your own conduct and temper. Unless you have such rules and principles, there will be numberless occasions on which you will have no guide for your government but your passions. In your infancy and youth, you have been, and will be for some years, under the authority and con- 18 THE BIBLE trol of your friends and instructors ; but vou must soon come to the age when ^ ou must govern yourself. You have already come to that age in many respects ; you know the difference between right and wrong, and you know some of your du- ties, and the obligations you are under, to become acquainted with them all. It is in the Bible, you must learn them, and from the Bible how to practise them* Those duties are to God, to your fellow- creatures, and to yourself. “ Thou shalt love the Lord thy God, with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength, and thv neighbor as thyself.1’ On these t^\ o commandments, Jesus Christ expressly savs, “hang all the law and the proph- ets that is to say, the whole purpose of Divine Revelation is to inculcate them efficaciously uport the minds of men. You wall perceive that I have spoken of AND ITS TEACHINGS. 19 duties to yourself \ distinct from those to God and to your fellow-creatures ; while Jesus Christ speaks only of two com- mandments. The reason is, because Christ, and the commandments repeated by him, consider self-love as so implanted in the heart of every man by the law of his nature, that it requires no command- ment to establish its influence over the heart : and so great' do they know its power to be, that they demand no other measure for the love of our neighbor, than that which they know we shall have for ourselves. But from the love of God, and the love of our neighbor, result du- ties to ourselves as well as to them, and they are ail to be learned in equal perfection by our searching the Scrip- tures. • Let us, then, search the Scriptures ; and, in order to pursue our inquiries with methodical order, let us consider the 20 THE BIBLE various sources of information, that we may draw from in this study. The Bi- ble contains the revelation of the will of God. It contains the history of the creation of the world, and of mankind ; and afterward the history of one pecu- liar nation, certainly the most extraordi- nary nation that has ever appeared upon the earth. It contains a system of re- ligion, and of morality, wrhich we may examine upon its own merits, independ- ent of the sanction it receives from being the Word of God ; and it contains a nu- merous collection of books, written at different ages of the world, by different authors, which we may survey as curious monuments of antiquity, and as literary compositions. In what light soever we regard it, whether with reference to rev- elation, to literature, to history, or to morality — it is an invaluable and inex- haustible mine of knowledge and virtue. AND ITS TEACHINGS. 21 I shall number separately those letters that I mean to write you upon the sub- ject of the Bible, and as, after they are finished, I shall perhaps ask you to read them all together, or to look over them again myself, you must keep them on separate file. I wish that hereafter they may be useful to your brothers and sis- ters, as well as to you. As you will re- ceive them as a token of affection for you, during my absence, I pray that they may be worthy to read by them all with benefit to themselves, if it please God, that they should live to be able to under- stand them. F rom your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. 22 THE BIBLE LETTER II. The first point of view in which I have invited you to consider the Bible, is in the light of Divine Revelation . And what are we to understand by these terms ? 1 intend as much as possible, to avoid the field of controversy, which I am not well acquainted with, and for which I have little respect, and still less inclina- tion. My idea of the Bible as a Divine Revelation , is founded upon its practical use to mankind, and not upon metaphys- ical subtleties. There are three points of doctrine, the belief of which, forms the foundation of all morality. The first is, the existence of a God ; the second is AND ITS TEACHINGS. 23 the immortality of the human soul ; and the third is, a future state of rewards and punishments. Suppose it possible for a man to disbelieve either of these articles of faith, and that man will have no conscience, he will have no other law than that of the tiger or the shark ; the laws of man may bind him in chains, or may put him to death, but they never can make him wise, virtuous, or happy. It is possible to believe them all without believing that the Bible is a Divine rev- elation. It is so obvious to every reason- able being, that he did not make himself, and the world which he inhabits, could as little make itself, that the moment we begin to exercise the power of reflection, it seems impossible to escape the convic- tion that there is a Creator. It is equal- ly evident that the Creator must be a spiritual, and not a material being ; there is also a consciousness that the thinking 24 THE BIBLE part of our nature is not material, but spiritual — that it is not subject to the laws of matter, nor perishable with it. Hence arises the belief, that we have an immortal soul ; and pursuing the train of thought which the visible creation and observation upon ourselves suggest, we must soon discover that the Creator must also be the Governor of the universe ; that his wisdom, and his goodness, must be without bounds — that he is a righte- ous God, and loves righteousness — that mankind are bound by the laws of righ- teousness, and are accountable to him for their obedience to them in this life, according to their good or evil deeds. This completion of Divine justice must be reserved for another life. The exist- ence of a Creator, the immortality of the human soul, and a future state of retri- bution, are therefore so perfectly conge- nial to natural reason when once discov- < AND ITS TEACHINGS. 25 ered — or rather it is so impossible for natural reason to disbelieve them — that it would seem the light of natural reason could alone suffice for their discovery ; but the conclusion would not be correct. Human reason may be sufficient to get an obscure glimpse of these sacred and important truths, but it can not discover them, in all their clearness. F or exam- ple ; — in all their numberless, false reli- gions, which have swayed the minds of men in different ages, and regions of the world, the idea of a God has always been included: — “ F atlier of all ! in every age, In every clime adored — By saint, by savage, and by sage — Jehovah, Jove, or Lord.” So says Pope’s Uni versal Prayer. But, it is the God of the Hebrews alone, who is announced to us as the Creator of the world. The ideas of God entertained by 26 THE BIBLE all the most illustrious and most inge- nious nations of antiquity were weak and absurd. The Persians worshipped the sun ; the Egyptians believed in an innu- merable multitude of gods, and worship- ped not only oxen, crocodiles, dogs, and cats, but even garlics and onions. The Greeks invented a poetical religion, and adored men and women, virtues and vices, air, water, and fire, and everything that a vivid imagination could personify. Almost all the Greek philosophers reason- ed and meditated upon the nature of the gods ; but scarcely any of them reflected enough even to imagine that there was but one God, and not one of them ever conceived of him as the Creator of the world. Cicero has collected together all their opinions upon the nature of the gods, and pronounced them more like the dreams of madmen than the sober judgment of wise men. In the first book of Ovid’s AND ITS TEACHING. 27 Metamorphoses, there is an account of the change of chaos in the world. Before the sea, and the earth, and the sky that surrounds all things (says Ovid), there was a thing called chaos, and some of the gods (he does not know which), separated from each other the elements of this chaos, and turned them into the world ; thus far and no farther could human rea- son extend. But the first words of the Bible are, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” The blessed and sublime idea of God, as the creator of the universe, the source of all human happiness for which all the sages and philosophers of Greece and Rome groped in darkness and never found, is recalled in the first verse of the book of Genesis. I call it the source of all human virtue and happiness ; because when we have attained the conception of a Being, who by the mere act of his will, created the 28 THE BIBLE world, it would follow as an irresistible consequence — even if we were not told that the same Being must also be the governor of his own creation — that man, with all other things, was also created by him, and must hold his felicity and virtue on the condition of obedience to his will. In the first chapters of the Bible there is a short and rapid historical narrative of the manner in which the world and man were made — of the condition upon which happiness and immortality were bestowed upon our first parents — of their trans- gression of this condition — of the punish- ment denounced upon them — and the promise of redemption from it by the “ seed of the woman.” There are, and always have been, where the Holy Scriptures have been known, petty witlings and self-conceited reason- ers, who cavil at some of the particular details of this narration. Even serious AND ITS TEACHINGS. 29 A inquirers after truth have sometimes been perplexed to believe that there should have been evening and morning before the existence of the sun — that man should be made of clay, and woman from the ribs of man — that they should have been for- bidden to eat an apple, and for disobedi- ence to that injunction, be with all their posterity doomed to death, and that eat- ing an apple could give “ the knowledge of good and evil” — that a serpent should speak and beguile a woman. All this is undoubtedly marvellous, and above our comprehension. Much of it is clearly j figurative and allegorical ; nor is it easy J to distinguish what part of it is to be un- derstood in a literal and not in a symbol- ical sense. But all that it imports us to know or understand is plain ; the great and essential principles, upon which our duties and enjoyments depend, are in- volved in no obscurity. A God, the 30 THE BIBLE Creator and Governor of the universe, is revealed in all his majesty and power ; the terms upon which he gave existence and happiness to the common parent of mankind are exposed to us in the clear- est light. Disobedience to the will of God was the offence for which he was precipitated from paradise : obedience to the will of God is the merit by which paradise is to be regained. Here, then, is the foundation of all morality — the source of all our obligations, as accountable creatures. This idea of the transcendent power of the Supreme Being is essential- ly connected with that by which the whole duty of man is summed up ; obe- dience to his will. I have observed that natural reason might suffice for an ob- scure perception, but not for the clear discovery of these truths. Even Cicero could start to his own mind the question, whether justice could exist upon earth AND ITS TEACHINGS. 31 unless founded upon piety, but could not settle it to his own satisfaction. The ray of divine light contained in the principle, that justice has no other foundation than piety, could make its way to the soul of the heathen, but there it was extinguish- ed in the low, unsettled, and inconsistent notions which were the only foundations of his piety. How could his piety be pure or sound, when he did not know whether there was one God or a thousand — whether he, or they had or had not any concern in the formation of the world, and whether they had any regard to the af- fairs or the conduct of mankind ? Once assume the idea of a single God, the Cre- ator of all things, whose will is the law of moral obligation to man, and to whom man is accountable, and piety becomes as rational as it is essential ; it becomes the first of human duties ; and not a doubt can henceforth remain, that fidelity in the 32 THE BIBLE associations of human piety, and that most excellent virtue, justice, repose upon no other foundation. At a later age than Cicero, Longinus expressly quotes the third verse of the first chapter of Genesis as an exam- ple of the sublime. “And God said let there be light, and there was light and wherein consists its sublimity ? In the image of the transcendent power pre- sented to the mind, with the most striking simplicity of expression. Yet this verse only exhibits the effects of that trans- cendent power which the first verse dis- closes in announcing God as the Creator of the world. The true sublimity is in the idea given us of God. To such a God the heart of man must yield with cheerfulness the tribute of homage which it never could pay to the numerous gods of Egypt, to the dissolute debauchees of the heathen mythology, nor even to the AND ITS TEACHINGS. 33 more elevated, but not less fantastical imaginations of the Grecian philosophers and sages. From your affectionate Father, John Quincy Adams* 3 34 THE BIBLE LETTER, III. The second general point of view, in which I propose for you to consider the Bible, to the end that it may “ thorough- ly furnish you unto all good works,” is in the historical character. To a man of liberal education, the study of history is not only useful, and important, but altogether indispensable, and with regard to the history contained in the Bible, the observation which Cicero makes respecting that of his own country is much more emphatically applicable, that “it is not so much praiseworthy to be acquainted with as it is shameful to be ignorant of it.” History, so far as it AND ITS TEACHING. 35 relates to the actions and adventures of men, may be divided into five different classes. First, the history of the world, otherwise called universal history ; sec- ond, that of particular nations ; third, that of particular institutions ; fourth, that of single families ; and fifth, that of individ- ual men. The last two of these classes are generally distinguished by the name of memoirs and biography. All these classes of history are to be found in the Bible, and it may be worth your while to discriminate them one from another. The universal history is short, and all contained in the first eleven chapters of Genesis, together with the first chapter of the first book of Chronicles, which is little more than a genealogical list of names ; but it is of great importance, not only as it includes the history of the crea- tion, of the fall of man, of the antediluvian world, and the flood by which the whole 36 THE BIBLE human race (excepting Noah and his fam- ily) were destroyed, but as it gives a very precise account of the time from the crea- tion until the birth of Abraham. This is the foundation of ancient history, and in reading profane historians hereafter, I would advise you always to reflect upon their narratives with reference to it with respect to the chronology. A correct idea of this is so necessary to understand all history, ancient and modem, that 1 may hereafter write you something further concerning it: for the present I shall only recommend to your particular attention the fifth and eleventh chapters of Gene- sis, and request you to cast up and write me the amount of the age of the world when Abraham was bom. The remain- der of the book of Genesis, beginning at the twelth chapter, is a history of one in- dividual (Abraham) and his family du- ring three generations of his descendants, AND ITS TEACHINGS. 37 after which the book of Exodus com- mences with the history of the same fam- ily, multiplied into a nation ; this nation- al and family history is continued through the books of the Old Testament until that of Job, which is of a peculiar character, differing in many particulars from every other part of the Scriptures. There is no other history extant which can give so interesting and correct view of the rise and progress of human associations, as this account of Abraham and his descend- ants, through all the vicissitudes to which individuals, families, and nations, are lia- ble. There is no other history where the origin of a whole nation is traced up to a single man, and where a connected train of events and a regular series of persons from generation to generation is preserved. As the history of a family, it is intimately connected with our re- ligious principles and opinions, for it is 38 THE BIBLE the family from which (in his human character) Jesus Christ descended. It begins by relating the commands of God to Abraham, to abandon his country, his kindred, and his father’s house ; and to go to a land which he would show him. This command was accompanied by two promises; from which, and from their fulfilment, arose the differences which I have just noticed between the history of the Jews and that of every other nation. The first of these promises was that “ God would make Abraham a great na- tion, and bless him the second, and in- comparably the most important was, that u in him all the families of the earth should be blessed.” This promise was made about two thousand years before the birth of Christ, and in him had its fulfilment. When Abraham, in obedience to the com- mand of God, had gone into the land of Canaan, the Lord appeared unto him and AND ITS TEACHINGS. 39 made him a third promise, which was that he should give that land to a nation which should descend from him, as a possession : this was fulfilled between five and six hundred years afterward. In reading all the historical books of both the Old and the New Testament, as well as the books of the prophets, you should always bear in mind the reference which they have to these three promises of God to Abraham. All the history is no more than a narrative of the particu- lar manner, and the detail of events by which those promises were fulfilled. In the account of the creation, and the fall of man, I have already remarked that the moral doctrine inculcated by the Bi- ble is, that the great consummation of all human virtue consists in obedience to the will of God. When we come hereafter to speak of the Bible in its ethical char- acter, I shall endeavor to show you the 40 THE BIBLE intrinsic excellence of this principle ; but I shall now only remark how strongly the principle itself is illustrated, first in the account of the fall, and next by the history of Abraham. In the account of the creation we are informed that God, after having made the world, created the first human pair, and “ gave them domin- ion over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.” He gave them also “ every herb bearing seed, and the fruit of every tree for meat and all this we are told “ God saw was very good.” Thus the immediate possession of every- thing was given them, and its perpetual enjoyment secured to their descendants, on condition of abstaining from the “fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.” It is altogether immaterial to my present remarks whether the narrative is to be understood in a literal or allegorical sense, as not only the knowledge , but the AND ITS TEACHINGS. 41 possession of created good was granted ; the fruit of the tree, could confer upon them no knowledge but that of evil, and the command was nothing more than to abstain from that knowledge — to forbear from rushing upon their own destruction. It is not sufficient to say that this was a command in its own nature light and easy ; it was a command to pursue the only law of their nature, to keep the happiness that had been heaped upon them without mea- sure; but observe — it contained the prin- ciple of obedience — it was assigned to them as a duty — and the heaviest of penalties was denounced upon its trans- gression. They were not to discuss the wisdom, or justice of this command ; they were not to inquire why it had been en- joined upon them, nor could they have the slightest possible motive for the in- quiry: unqualified felicity and immor- tality were already theirs ; wretchedness 42 THE BIBLE and death were alone forbidden them, blit placed within their reach as merely trials of their obedience. They violated the law; they forfeited their joy and im- mortality ; they “brought into the world, death, and all our wo.” Here, then, is an extreme case in which the mere prin- ciple of obedience could be tried, and com- mand to abstain from that from which ev- ery motive of reason and interest would have deterred had the command never been given — a command given in the easiest of all possible form, requiring not so much as an action of any kind, but merely forbearance ; and its transgression was so severely punished, the only in- ference we can draw from it is that the most aggravated of all crimes, and that which includes in itself all others, is dis- obedience to the will of God. Let us now consider how the principle of obedience is inculcated in the history AND ITS TEACHING. 43 of Abraham, by a case in the opposite extreme. God commanded Abraham to abandon for ever his country, his kindred, and his father’s house, to go, he knew not where; promising, as a reward of his obedience, to bless him and his posterity, though he was then childless : he was re- quired to renounce everything that could most contribute to the happiness and com- fort of his life, and which was in his ac- tual enjoyment ; to become a houseless, friendless wanderer upon the earth, on the mere faith of the promise that a land should be shown him which his descend- ants should possess — that they should be a great nation — and that through them all mankind should receive in future ages a blessing. The obedience required of Adam, was merely to retain all the bless- ings he enjoyed ; the obedience of Abra- ham was to sacrifice all that he possessed for the vague and distant prospect of a 44 THE BIBLE future compensation to his posterity : the self-control and self-denial required of Adam, was in itself the slightest that im- agination can conceive — but its failure was punished by the forfeiture of all his enjoyments ; the self-dominion to be ex- ercised by Abraham was of the most se- vere and painful kind — but its accom- plishment will ultimately be rewarded by the restoration of all that was forfeited by Adam. This restoration, however, was to be obtained by no ordinary proof of obedience ; the sacrifice of mere personal blessings, however great, could not lay the foundation for the redemption of man- kind from death ; the voluntary submis- sion of Jesus Christ to his own death, in the most excruciating and ignominious form, was to consummate the great plan of redemption, but the submission of Abraham to sacrifice his beloved, and only son Isaac — the child promised by God AND ITS TEACHINGS. 45 himself, and through whom all the great- er promises were to be carried into effect, the feelings of nature, the parent’s bowels, were all required to be sacrified by Abra- ham to the blind unquestioning principle of obedience to the will of God. The blood of Isaac was not indeed shed — the butchery of an only son by the hand of his father, was a sacrifice which a mer- ciful God did not require to be complete- ly executed ; but as an instance of obe- dience it was imposed upon Abraham, and nothing less than the voice of an angel from heaven could arrest his up- lifted arm, and withhold him from sheath- ing his knife in the heart of his child. It was upon this testimonial of obedience, that God’s promise of redemption was ex- pressly renewed to Abraham: “In thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because thou hast obeyed my voice.” — Genesis xxii. 18. 46 THE BIBLE LETTER IV. We were considering the Bible in its historical character, and as the history of a family. From the moment when the universal ^history finishes, that of Abraham begins, and thenceforth, it is the history of a family, of which Abraham is the first, and Jesus Christ the last per- son ; and from the first appearance of Abraham, the whole history appears to have been ordered from age to age, ex- pressly to prepare for the appearance of Christ upon earth. The history begins with the first and mildest trials of Abra- ham’3 obedience, and the promise as a re- ward of his fidelity, that “ in him all the AND ITS TEACHINGS. 47 families of the earth should be blessed.” The second trial, which required the sac- rifice of his son, was many years after- ward, and the promise was more explicit, and more precisely assigned as the re- ward of his obedience. There were be- tween these periods, two intermediate occasions, recorded in the fifteenth and eighteenth chapters of Genesis — on the first of wdiich, the word of the Lord came to Abraham in a vision, and prom- ised him he should have a child, from whom a great and mighty nation should proceed, which, after being in servitude four hundred years in a strange land, should become the possessors of the land of Canaan, from that of Egypt, to the river Euphrates. On the second, the Lord appeared to him and his wife, re- peated the promise, that they should have a child, that “ Abraham should surely become a great nation,” and that 48 THE BIBLE “ all the nations of the earth should be blessed in him,” “ for I know him, saith the Lord, that he will command his household after him, and that they will keep the way of the Lord, to do justice and judgment, that the Lord may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spo- ken of him from all which it is obvious that the first of the promises was made as subservient and instrumental to the second — that the great and mighty na- tion was to be raised as the means in the ways of God’s providence, for producing the sacred person of Jesus Christ, through whom the perfect sacrifice of atonement for the original transgression of man should be consummated, and by which “ all the families of the earth should be blessed.” I am so little versed in contro- versial divinity, that I know not whether this eighteenth chapter of Genesis, has ever been adduced in support of the doc- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 49 trine of Trinity ; there is at least in it an alteration of those divine persons, and of one not a little remarkable which I know not how to explain ; if taken in connex- ion with the nineteenth, it would seem that one of the men entertained by Abra- ham, was God himself, and the other two were angels, sent to destroy Sodom. Leaving this, however, let me ask your particular attention, to the reason assigned by God for bestowing such ex- traordinary blessings upon Abraham. It unfolds to us the first and most important part of the superstructure of moral prin- ciple, erected upon the foundation of obedience to the will of God. The rig- orous trials of Abraham’s obedience men- tioned in this, and my last letter, were only tests to ascertain his character in reference to the single, and I may say ab- stract point of obedience. Here we have a precious gleam of light, disclosing what 4 50 THE BIBLE the nature of this will of God was, that he should command his children, and his household after him ; by which the pa- rental authority to instruct, and direct his descendants in the way of the Lord was given him as an authority, and en- joined upon him as a duty ; and the les- sons which he was then empowered and required to teach his posterity were, “ to do justice and judgment.” Thus, as obe- dience to the will of God, is the first, and all-comprehensive virtue taught in the Bible, so the second is justice and judgment toward mankind ; and this is exhibited as the result naturally following from the other. In the same chapter is related the intercession of Abraham with God for the preservation of Sodom from destruction : the city was destroyed for its crimes, but the Lord promised Abra- ham it should be spared, if only ten righ- teous should be found in it : the principle AND ITS TEACHINGS. 51 of mercy was therefore sanctioned in im- mediate connexion with that of justice. Abraham had several children ; but the great promise of God was to be performed through Isaac alone, and of the two sons of Isaac, Jacob — the youngest — was selected for the foundation of the second family and nation ; it was from Jacob that the multiplication of the family be- gan, and his twelve sons, were all inclu- ded in the genealogy of the tribes which afterward constituted the Jewish people. Ishmael, the children of Keturah, and Esau, the eldest son of Isaac, were all the parents of considerable families, which afterward spread into nations ; but they formed no part of the chosen peo- ple, and their history, with that of the neighboring nations, is only incidentally noticed in the Bible, so far as they had relations of intercourse or hostility with the people of God. THE BIBLE 52 The history of Abraham and his de- scendants to the close of the book of Gen- esis is a biography of individuals : the in- cidents related of them are all of the class belonging to domestic life. Joseph, in- deed, became a highly distinguished pub- lic character in the land of Egypt, and it was through him that his father and all his brothers were finally settled there — which was necessary to prepare for the existence of their posterity as a nation, and to fulfil the purpose which God had announced to Abraham, that they should be four hundred years dwellers in a strange land. In the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Ja- cob, and Joseph, many miraculous events are recorded ; but all those which are spoken of as happening in the ordinary course of human affairs have an air of reality about them which no invention could imitate. In some of the transactions related, the conduct of the patriarchs is AND ITS TEACHINGS. 53 highly blameable ; circumstances of deep depravity are particularly told of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, upon which it is necessary to remark that their actions are never spoken of with approbation, but always with strong marks of censure, and generally with a minute account of the punishment which followed upon their transgression. The vices and crimes of the patriarchs, are sometimes alleged as objections against the belief that persons guilty of them should ever have been especially favored by God ; but, vicious as they were, there is every reason to be convinced that they were less so than their contemporaries : their vices appear to us at this day gross, disgusting and atrocious; but the written law was not then given, the boundaries between right and wrong were not defined with the same precision as in the tables given afterward to Moses ; the law of nature was the only 54 THE BIBLE rule of morality by which they could be governed, and the sins of intemperance, of every kind recorded in Holy Writ, were at that period less aggravated than they have been in after ages, because they were in great measure sins of ignorance. From the time when the sons of Jacob were settled in Egypt until the completion of the four hundred years, during which God had foretold to Abraham that his family should dwell there, there is a chasm in the sacred history. We are expressly told that all the house of Jacob which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten : it is said then that Joseph died, as did all that generation ; after which noth- ing further is related of their posterity than that “ they were faithful and multi- plied abundantly, and waxed exceeding mighty, and the land was filled with them, until there arose a new king who knew not Joseph.” — On his first arrival in AND ITS TEACHINGS. 55 Egypt, Jacob bad obtained a grant from Pharaoh of the land of Goshen, a place particularly suited to the pasturage of flocks : Jacob and his family were shep- herds, and this circumstance was, in the first instance, the occasion upon which that separate spot was assigned to them, and, secondarily, was the means pro- vided by God for keeping separate two nations thus residing together : every shepherd was an abomination to the Egyptians, and the Israelites were shep- herds, although dwelling in the land of Egypt; therefore, the Israelites were sojourners and strangers ; and by mutual antipathy toward each other, originating in their respective conditions, they were prevented from intermingling by marriage, and losing their distinctive characters. This was the cause which had been re- served by the Supreme Creator, during the space of three generations and more * 56 THE BIBLE than four centuries, as the occasion for eventually bringing them out of the land ; for, in proportion as they multiplied, it had the tendency to excite the jealousies and fears of the Egyptian king — as ac- tually happened. These jealousies and fears suggested to him a policy of the most intolerable oppression and the most execrable cruelty toward the Israelites: not contented with reducing them to the most degraded condition of servitude, and making their lives bitter with hard bond- age, he conceived the project of destroy- ing the whole race, by ordering all the male children to be murdered as soon as they were born. In the wisdom of Prov- idence, this very command was the means of preparing this family — when they had multiplied into a nation — for their issue from Egypt, and for their conquest of the land which had been promised to Abra- ham ; and it was at the same time the AND ITS TEACHINGS. 57 immediate occasion of raising up the great warrior, legislator, and prophet, who was to be their deliverer and leader. Thence- forth, they are to be considered as a peo- ple, and their history as that of a nation. During a period of more than a thousand years, the Bible gives us a particular ac- count of their destinies : an outline of their constitution, civil, military, and re- ligious, with the code of laws presented to them by the Deity, is contained in the books of Moses, and will afford us copious materials for future consideration. Their subsequent revolutions of government un- der Joshua, fifteen successive chiefs de- nominated judges, and a succession of kings, until they were first dismembered into two separate kingdoms, and after a lapse of some centuries both conquered by the Assyrians and Babylonians, and at the end of seventy years partially restored to their country and their temple, con- 58 THE BIBLE stitute the remaining historical books of the Old Testament, every part of which is full of instruction. But my present purpose is only to point your attention to their general historical character. My next will contain a few remarks on the Bible as a system of morals. In the meantime, I remain your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. AND ITS TEACHINGS. 59 LETTER V. In the promise with which my last letter to you upon the Bible was concluded, I undertook a task from the performance of which I have been hitherto deterred by its very magnitude and importance : the more I reflected upon the subject, the more sensibly did I feel my incompetency to do it justice, and by a weakness too com- mon in the world, from the apprehension of inability to accomplish as much as I ought, I have hitherto been withheld from the attempt to accomplish anything at all. Thus more than a year has elapsed, leav- ing me still burdened with the load of my promise ; and in now undertaking to dis- 60 THE BIBLE charge it, I must promise that you are only to expect the desultory and indigested thoughts which I have not the means of combining into a regular and systematic work. I shall not entangle myself in the con- troversy which has sometimes been dis- cussed with a temper not very congenial to either the nature of the question itself or the undoubted principles of Christian- ity, whether the Bible, like all other sys- tems of morality, lays the ultimate basis of all human duties in self-love, or whether it enjoins duties on the principle of perfect, and disinterested benevolence . Whether the obligations are sanctioned by a prom- ise of reward or a menace of punishment, the ultimate motive for its fulfilment may justly be attributed to selfish consider- ations. But if obedience to the will of God be the universal and only foundation of all moral duty, special injunctions may AND ITS TEACHINGS. 61 be binding upon the consciences of men, although their performance should not be secured either by the impulse of hope or fear. The law given from Sinai was a civil and municipal as well as a moral and religious code; it contained many statutes adapted to that time only, and to the particular circumstances of the na- tion to whom it was given ; they could of course be binding upon them, and only upon them, until abrogated by the same authority which enacted them, as they afterward were by the Christian dispensa- tion : but many others were of universal application — laws essential to the exist- ence of men in society, and most of which have been enacted by every nation, which ever professed any code of laws. But the Levitical was given by God himself ; it extended to a great variety of objects of infinite importance to the welfare of men, but which could not come within 62 THE BIBLE the reach of human legislation ; it com- bined the temporal and spiritual authori- ties together, and regulated not only the actions but the passions of those to whom it was given. Human legislators can un- dertake only to prescribe the actions of men: they acknowledge their inability to govern and direct the sentiments of the heart; the very law styles it a rule of civil conduct, not of internal principles, and there is no crime in the power of an in- dividual to perpetrate which he may not design, project, and fully intend, without incurring guilt in the eye of human law. It is one of the greatest marks of Divine favor bestowed upon the children of Israel, that the legislator gave them rules not only of action but for the government of the heart. There were occasionally a few short sententious principles of moral- ity issued from the oracles of Greece ; among them, and undoubtedly the most AND ITS TEACHINGS. 63 excellent of them, was that of self-knowl- edge, which one of the purest moralists and finest poets of Rome expressly says came from Heaven. But if you would remark the distin- guishing characteristics between true and false religion, compare the manner in which the ten commandments were proclaimed by the voice of the Almighty God, from Mount Sinai, with thunder, and lightning, and earthquake, by the sound of the trumpet, and in the hearing of six thousand souls, with the studied secresy, and mystery, and mummery, with which the Delphic and other oracles of the Gre- cian gods were delivered. The miracu- lous interpositions of Divine power re- corded in every part of the Bible, are in- variably marked with grandeur and sub- limity worthy of the Creator of the world, and before which the gods of Homer, not excepting his Jupiter, dwindle into the 64 THE BIBLE most contemptible pigmies ; but on no occasion was the manifestation of the Deity so solemn, so awful, so calculated to make indelible impressions upon the imaginations and souls of the mortals to whom he revealed himself, as when he appeared in the character of their Law- giver. The law thus dispensed was, however, imperfect ; it was destined to be partly suspended and improved into absolute perfection many ages afterward by the appearance of Jesus Christ upon earth. But to judge of its excellence as a system of laws, it must be compared with human codes which existed or were promulgated at nearly the same age of the world in other nations. Remember, that the law was given 1,490 years before Christ was bom, at the time the Assyrian and Egyptian monarchies existed: but of their government and laws we know scarcely anything save what is collected AND ITS TEACHINGS. 65 from the Bible. Of the Phrygian, Lydian, and Trojan states, at the same period, little more is known. The president Gorget, in a very elaborate and ingenious work on the origin of letters, arts, and sciences, among the ancient nations, says, that “ the maxims, the civil and political laws of these people, are absolutely un- known ; that not even an idea of them can be formed, with the single exception of the Lydians, of whom Herodotus as- serts, that their laws were the same as the Greeks.” — The same author con- trasts the total darkness ai}d oblivion into which all the institutions of these mighty empires have fallen, with the fulness and clearness and admirable composition of the Hebrew code, which has not only descended to us entire, but still continues the national code of the Jews (scattered as they are over the whole face of the earth), and enters so largely into the 5 66 THE BIBLE legislation of almost every civilized na- tion upon the globe. He observes that “ these laws have been prescribed by God himself : the merely human laws of other contemporary nations can not bear any comparison with them.” But my motive in forming the compar- ison, is to present to your reflections as a proof— and to my mind a very strong proof — of the reality of their divine origin : for how is it that the whole system of government, and administration, the mu- nicipal, political, ecclesiastical, military, and moral laws and institutions, which bound in society the numberless myriads of human beings who formed for many successive ages the stupendous mon- archies of Africa and Asia, should have perished entirely and been obliterated from the memory of mankind, while the laws of a paltry tribe of shepherds, char- acterized by Tacitus, and the sneering AND ITS TEACHINGS. 67 infidelity of Gibbon, as “tlie most despi- sed portion of their slaves,” should not only have survived the wreck of those empires, but remain to this day rules of faith and practice to every enlightened nation of the world, and perishable only with it? The reason is obvious: it is their intrinsic excellence which has pre- served them from the destruction which befalls all the works of mortal man. The precepts of the decalogue alone (says Gorget), disclose more sublime truths, more maxims essentially suited to the hap- piness of man, than all the writings of profane antiquity put together can furnish. The more you meditate on the laws of Moses, the more striking and brighter does their wisdom appear. It would be a la- borious but not an unprofitable investiga- tion, to reduee into a regular classifica- tion, like that of the institutes of Justinian or the Commentaries of Blackstone, the 68 THE BIBLE whole code of Moses, which embraces not only all the ordinary subjects of legis-1 lation together with the principles of re- ligion and morality, but laws of ecclesi- astical directions concerning the minutest actions and dress of individuals. This, however, would lead me too far from my present purpose, which is merely to con- sider the Bible as a system of morality ; I shall therefore notice those parts of the law which may be referred particularly to that class, and at present must confine myself to a few remarks upon the deca- logue itself, which, having been spoken by the voice, and twice written upon the stone tables by the finger of God, may be considered as the foundation of the whole system — of the ten commandments, emphatically so called, for the extraordi- nary and miraculous distinction by which they were promulgated. The first four commandments are re- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 69 ligious laws, the fifth and tenth are prop- erly and peculiarly moral and domestic rules ; the other four are of the criminal department of municipal laws : the unity of the godhead, the prohibition of making graven images to worship : that of taking lightly (or in vain as the English transla- tion expresses it) the name of the Deity, and the injunction to observe the Sab- bath as a day sanctified and set apart for his worship, were all intended to incul- cate the reverence for the one only and true God — that profound and penetrating sentiment of piety which, in a former let- ter, I urged as the great and only im- movable foundation of all human virtue. Next to the duties toward the Creator, that of honoring the earthly parent is en- joined : it is to them that every individ- ual owes the greatest obligations, and to them that he is consequently bound by the first and strongest of all earthly ties. 70 THE BIBLE The following commands, applying to the relations between man and his fellow mortals, are all negative, as their appli- cation was universal, to every human be- ing : it was not required that any positive acts of beneficence toward them should be performed ; but only to abstain from wronging them, either : first, in their per- sons : second, in their property ; third, in their conjugal rights ; fourth, in their good name : after which, all the essential en- joyments of life being thus guarded from voluntary injury, the tenth and closing commandment goes to the very source of all human actions — the heart — and posi- tively forbids all those desires which first prompt and lead to every transgression upon the property and right of our fellow- creatures. Vain, indeed, would be the search among the writings of profane an- tiquity (not merely of that remote an- tiquity, but even in the most refined and • » AND ITS TEACHINGS. 71 philosophical ages of Greece and Rome), to find so broad, so complete and so solid a basis for morality as this decalogue lays down. Yet I have said it was imperfect — its sanctions, its rewards, its punish- ments, had reference only to present life, and it had no injunctions of positive beneficence toward our neighbors. Of these the law was not entirely destitute in its other parts; but, both in this re- spect and in the other, it was to be per- fected by him who brought life and im- mortality to light in the gospel. Upon which subject you shall hear more, From your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. 72 THE BIBLE LETTER VI. I promised you, in my last letters, to state the particulars in which I deemed the Christian dispensation to be an im- provement, or perfection of the law de- livered at Sinai, considered as including a system of morality ; but before I come to this point, it is proper to remark upon the character of the books of the Old Testament, subsequent to those of Moses. Some are historical, some prophetical, and some poetical ; and two may be con- sidered as peculiarly of the moral class — one being an affecting dissertation up- on the vanity of human life, and another a collection of moral sentences under the AND ITS TEACHINGS. 73 name of Proverbs. I have already ob- served that the great immovable and eternal foundation of the superiority of scripture morals, to all other morality, was the idea of God disclosed in them and only in them : the unity of God, his omnipotence, his righteousness, his mer- cy, and the infinity of his attributes, are marked in every line of the Old Testa- ment, in characters which nothing less than blindness, can fail to discern, and nothing less than fraud can misrepre- sent. This conception of God serving as a basis for the piety of his worship- pers, was of course incomparably more rational and more profound, than it was possible that sentiment could be which adored devils for deities, or even that of philosophers, like Socrates, Plato, and Cicero, who with purer and more exalted ideas of the Divine nature, than the rab- ble of the poets, still considered the ex- 74 THE BIBLE istence of any God at all, as a question upon which they could form no decided opinion. You have seen that even Cicero believed the only solid foundation of all human virtue to be piety ; and it was impossible that a piety 60 far tran- scending that of all other nations should not contain in its consequences a system of moral virtue equally transcendent. The first of the ten commandments was, that the Jewish people should never admit the idea of any other God — the object o'f the second, third, and fourth, was merely to impress with greater force the obligation of the first, and to obviate the tendencies and temptations, which might arise to its being neglected, or dis- regarded. Throughout the whole law, the same injunctions are continually re- newed ; all the rites and ceremonies were adapted to root deeper into the hearts and souls of the chosen people, AND ITS TEACHINGS. 75 that the Lord Jehovah was to be for ever the sole and exclusive object of love. Reverence and adoration, unbounded as his own nature was the principle ; ev- ery letter of the law, and the whole Bi- ble is but a commentary upon it, and corollary from it. The law was given not merely in the form of a command- ment from God, but in that of a cove- nant or compact between the Supreme Creator and the Jewish people ; it was sanctioned by the blessing and the curse pronounced upon Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, in the presence of the whole Jewish people and strangers, and by the solemn acceptance of the whole people responding amen to every one of the curses denounced for violation on their part of the covenant. From that day until the birth of Christ (a period of about fifteen hundred years) the his- torical books of the Old Testament, are 76 THE BIBLE no more than a simple record of the ful- filment of the covenant, in all its bles- sings and curses, exactly adapted to the fulfilment or transgression of its duties by the people. The nation was first governed by Joshua, under the express appointment of God ; then by a succes- sion of judges, and afterward by a double line of kings, until conquered and car- ried into captivity by the kings of As- syria and Babylon : seventy years after- ward restored to their country, their tem- ple, and their laws ; and again conquered by the Romans, and ruled by their tribu- tary kings and proconsuls. Yet, through all their vicissitudes of fortune, they nev- er complied with the duties to which they had bound themselves by the cov- enant, without being loaded with the blessings promised on Mount Gerizim, and never departed from them without being afflicted with some of the curses AND ITS TEACHINGS. 77 denounced upon Mount Ebal. The pro- phetical books are themselves historical — for prophecy, in the strictest sense, is no more than history related before the ev^nt ; but the Jewish prophets (of whom there was a succession almost constant, from the time of Joshua to that of Christ) were messengers, specially commissioned of God, to warn the people of their du- ty, to foretell the punishments whicli awaited their transgressions, and finally to keep alive by uninterrupted prediction the expectation of the Messiah, “ the seed of Abraham, in whom all the fami- lies of the earth should be blessed.” With this conception of the Divine na- ture, so infinitely surpassing that of any other nation — with this system of moral virtue, so indissolubly blending as by the eternal constitution of things must be blended piety — with this uninterrupted series of signs and wonders, prophets and 78 THE BIBLE seers, miraculous interpositions of the omnipotent Creator, to preserve and vin- dicate the truth — it is lamentable ; but to those who know the nature of man, it is not surprising to find the Jewish history little else than a narrative of idolatries and corruption of the Israelites and their monarclis. That the very people who had heard the voice of God from Mount Sinai, within forty days compel Aaron to make a golden calf, and worship that as the “ God who brought them out of the land of Egypt” — that the very Sol- omon, the wisest of mankind, to whom God had twice revealed himself in vis- ions— the sublime dictator of the tem- ple, the witness, in the presence of the whole people, of the fire from heaven which consumed the offerings from the altar, and of the glory of the Lord that filled the house — that he, in his old age, beguiled by fair idolatresses, should have AND ITS TEACHINGS. 79 fallen from the worship of the ever- blessed Jehovah, to that of Ashtaroth and Milcom, &c c., the abomination of all the petty tribes of Judea — that of Baal, and Dagon, &c., the sun, moon, and planets, and all the host of heaven — that the mountains and plains, every high place and every grove, should have swarmed with idols, to corrupt the hearts and de- base the minds of a people so highly favored of Heaven, the elect of the Almighty — may be among the mysteries of Divine Providence, which it is not given to mortality to explain, but is in- admissible only to those who presume to demand why it has pleased the Supreme Arbiter of events, to create such a being as man. Observe, however, that amid the atrocious crimes which that nation so often polluted themselves with — through all their servitudes, dismemberments, captivities, and transmigrations — the Di- 80 ' THE BIBLE vine light, which had been imparted ex- clusively to them, was never extinguish- ed ; the law delivered from Sinai, was preserved in all purity ; the histories which attested its violations and its ac- complishments were recorded and never lost. The writings of the prophets, of David, and Solomon, were all inspired with the same idea of the Godhead, the same intertwinement of religion and mo- rality, and the same anticipations of the divine “ Immanuel, the God with us these survived all the changes of govern- ment and of constitutions which befell the people : “ the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night,” — the law and the prophets, eternal in their nature — went before them unsullied, and unim- paired through all the ruins of rebellion and revolution, of conquest and disper- sion, of war, pestilence, and famine. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Egyptian AND ITS TEACHINGS. 81 empires, Tyre and Sidon, Carthage, and all the other nations of antiquity, rose and fell in their religious institutions at the same time as in their laws and gov- ernment : it was the practice of the Ro- mans, when they besieged a city, to invoke its gods to come over to them ; they considered the gods as summer friends, ready to desert their votaries in the hour of calamity, orN as traitors, ready to sell themselves for a bribe ; they had no higher estimate of their own than of the stranger deities, whom, as Gibbon said — “ they were always ready to ad- mit to the freedom of the city.” All the gods of the heathens have perished with their makers ; for where on the face of the globe, could now be found the being who believes in any one of them ? So much more deep and strong was the hold which the ‘God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, took upon the imaginations and 6 82 THE BIBLE reason of mankind, that I might almost in- vert the question, and say, “ Where is the human being found believing in any God at all, and not believing in him ?” The moral character of the Old Testa- ment, then, is, that piety to God is the foundation of all virtue, and that virtue is inseparable from it : but that piety without the practice of virtue is itself a crime and the aggravation of all iniquity. All the virtues which are here recognised by the heathen, are inculcated not only with more authority but with more en- ergy of argument and more eloquent per- suasion in the Bible than in all the wri- tings of the ancient moralists. In one of the apocryphal books (Wisdom of Solo- mon), the cardinal virtues are expressly named : “If any man love righteousness, her labors are virtue, for she teaclietli temperance, and prudence, and justice, and fortitude which are such things as AND ITS TEACHINGS. 83 men ean have nothing more profitable in this life. The book of Job, whether considered as history or as an allegorical parable, was written to teach the lessons of patience under afflictions, of resignation under Divine chastisement, of undoubted confidence in the justice and goodness of God under every temptation or provoca- tion to depart from it. The morality of the apocryphal books is generally the same as that of the inspired writers, ex- cept that in some of them there is more stress laid upon the minor objects of the law, and merely formal ordinances of police, and less continual recurrence to “the weightier matters.” — The book of Ecclesiasticus, however, contains more wisdom than all the sayings of the seven Grecian sages. It was upon this founda- tion that the more perfect system of Christian morality was to be raised. — But I must defer the consideration to my 84 THE BIBLE next letter. In the meantime as I have urged that the scriptural idea of God is the foundation of all perfect virtue, and that it is totally different from the idea of God conceived by any ancient nation, I should recommend it to you in pursuing the Scriptures hereafter to meditate often upon the expressions by which they mark the character of the Deity, and to reflect upon the duties to him and to your fellow mortals which follow by inevitable de- ductions from them. That you may have an exact idea of the opinions of ancient heathen philosophers concerning God, or rather the gods , study Cicero’s dialogues, and read the abbe Olivet’s remarks on the theology of the Grecian philosophers, annexed to his translations. F rom your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. AND ITS TEACHINGS. 85 LETTER VII. The imperfections of the Mosaic insti- tution which it was the object of Christ’s mission upon earth to remove, appear to me to have been these : first, The want of a sufficient sanction. The rewards and penalties of the Levitical law had all a reference to the present life. There are many passages in the Old Testament which imply a state of existence after death, and some which directly assert a future state of retribution ; but none of these were contained in the delivery of the law. At the time of Christ’s advent, it was so far from being a settled article of the Jewish faith, that it was a subject 86 THE BIBLE of bitter controversy between the two principal sects — of Pharisees who be- lieved in, and Sadducees who denied it. It was the special purpose of Christ’s appearance upon earth, to bring immor- tality to light. He substituted the re- wards and punishments of a future state of existence in the room of all others. The Jewish sanctions were exclusively temporal : those of Christ exclusively spiritual. Second, The want of univer- sality. The Jewish dispensation was ex- clusively confined to a small and obscure nation. The purposes of the Supreme Creator in restricting the knowledge of himself to one petty herd of Egyptian slaves, are as inaccessible to our intelli- gence as those of his having concealed from them, and from the rest of mankind, the certain knowledge of their own im- mortality ; yet the fact is unquestionable. The mission of Christ was intended to AND ITS TEACHINGS. 87 communicate to the whole human race all the permanent advantages of the Mo- saic law, superadding to them — upon the condition of repentance — the kingdom of heaven, the blessing of eternal life. Third, the complexity of the objects of legislation. I have observed in a former letter, that the law from Sinai comprised, not only all the ordinary subjects of reg- ulation for human societies, but those which human legislators can not reach. It was a civil law, a municipal law, an ecclesiastical law, a law of police, and a law of morality and religion: it prohibited murder, adultery, theft, and perjury; it prescribed rules for the thoughts as well as for the actions of men. The complexity, however prac- ticable and even suitable for one small national society, could not have attained to all the families of the earth. The parts of the Jewish law adapted to pro- 88 THE BIBLE mote the happiness of mankind, under every variety of situation and govern- ment in which they can be placed, were all recognised and adopted by Christ ; and he expressly separated them from the rest. He disclaimed all interference with the ordinary objects of human legis- lation ; he declared that his “ kingdom was not of this world he acknowledged the authority of the Jewish magistrates; he paid for his own person the tribute to the Romans: he refused in more than one instance to assume the office of judge in matters of legal controversy ; he strictly limited the object of his own precepts and authority to religion and morals ; he denounced no temporal pnnishment ; he promised no temporal rewards ; he took up man as a governable being, where the human magistrate is compelled to leave him, and supplied both precept of virtue and motive for practising it, such as no AND ITS TEACHINGS. 89 other moralist or legislator ever attempt- ed to introduce. F ourth, the burdensome duties of positive rites, minute formalities, and expensive sacrifices. All these had a tendency, not only to establish and maintain the separation of the Jews from all other nations, but in process of time had been mistaken by the scribes, and Pharisees, and lawyers, and probably by the body of the people, for the substance of religion. All the rites were abolished by Christ, or (as Paul expresses it) “were nailed to his cross.” You will recollect that I am now speaking of Christianity, not as the scheme of re- demption to mankind from the conse- quences of original sin, but as a system of morality for regulating the conduct of men while on earth ; and the most stri- king and extraordinary feature of its char- acter in this respect, is its tendency and exhortations to absolute perfection. The 90 THE BIBLE language of Christ to his disciples is ex- plicit : 44 Be ye therefore perfect, even as your father in heaven is perfect” — and this he enjoins at the conclusion of that precept, so expressly laid down, and so unanswerably argued, to “love their enemies, to bless those who cursed them, and pray for those who despitefully used and persecuted them.” He seems to consider the temper of benevolence in return for injury, as constituting of itself a perfection similar to that of the Divine nature. It is undoubtedly the greatest conquest which the spirit of man can achieve over its infirmities : and to him who can attain that elevation of virtue which it requires, all other victories over the evil passions must be comparatively easy. Nor was the absolute perfection merely preached by Christ as a doctrine : it was practised by himself throughout his life ; practised to the last instant of / AND ITS TEACHINGS. 91 his agony on the cross ; practised under circumstances of trial, such as no other human being was ever exposed to. He proved by his own example the possibility of that virtue which he taught ; and al- though possessed of miraculous powers sufficient to control all the laws of nature, he expressly and repeatedly declined the use of them to save himself from any part of the sufferings which he was able to endure. The sum of Christian morality, then, consists in piety to God, and benevolence to man : piety, manifested, not by formal, solemn rites and sacrifices of burnt-offer- ings, but by repentance, by obedience, by submission, by humility, by the wor- ship of the heart, and by benevolence; not founded upon selfish motives, but superior even to a sense of wrong, or the resentment of injuries. Worldly pru- dence is scarcely noticed among all the 92 THE BIBLE instructions of Christ : the pursuit of honors and riches, the objects of ambition and avarice, are strongly discountenanced in many places: and an undue solicitude about the ordinary cares of life is occa- sionally reproved. Of worldly prudence, there are rules enough in the Proverbs of Solomon, and in the compilations of the son of Sirach ; Christ passes no cen- sure upon them, but he left what I call the selfish virtues where he found them. It was not to proclaim common-place morality that he came down from Heaven ; his commands were new ; that his disci- ples should “love one another,” that they should love even strangers, that they should “ love their enemies.” He pre- scribed barriers against all the maleficient passions ; he gave as a law, the utmost point of perfection of which human pow- ers are susceptible, and at the same time allowed degrees of indulgence and relaxa- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 93 tion to human frailty, proportioned to the power of any individual. An eminent writer in support of Christianity (Dr. Paley) expresses the opinion, that the direct object of the Christian revelation was to supply motives, and not rules — sanctions , and not precepts ; and he strong- ly intimates that, independent of the pur- pose of Christ’s atonement and propitia- tion for the sins of the world, the only object of his mission upon earth was to reveal a future state, “ to bring life and immortality to light.” He does not ap- pear to think that Christ promulgated any new principle of morality; and he positively asserts that “morality, neither in the gospel nor in any other book, can be a subject of discovery, because quali- ties of actions depend entirely on their effects, which effects, must all along have been the subjects of human experience.” To this I reply in the express words of 94 THE BIBLE Jesus: “A new commandment I give you, that ye love one another;” and I add, that this command explained, illus- trated, and dilated, as it was by the whole tenor of his discourses, and especially by the parable of the good Samaritan, ap- pears to me to be not only entirely new, but, in the most rigorous sense of the word, a discovery in morals ; and a dis- covery, the importance of which to the happiness of the human race, as far ex- ceeds any discovery in the physical laws of nature, as the soul is superior to the body. If it be objected that the principles of benevolence toward enemies, and the forgiveness of injuries, may be found not only in the Old Testament, but even in some of the heathen writers, particularly the discourses of Socrates. I answer, that the same may be said of the immor- tality of the soul, and of the rewards and punishments of a future state. The doc- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 95 trine was not more a discovery than the precept ; but their connexion with each other, the authority writh which they were taught, and the miracles by which they were enforced, belong exclusively to the mission of Christ. Attend particular- ly to the miracle recorded in the second chapter of Luke, as having taken place as the birth of Jesus ; when the angel of the Lord said to the shepherds : “ Fear nor, for behold 1 bring you glad tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people ; for unto you is born this day in the city of David, a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.” In these words the character of Jesus, as a E,edeemer, was announced ; but the historian adds — “And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and sing- ing, glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.” These words, as I understand them, an- 96 THE BIBLE nounced the moral precept of benevolence as explicitly for the object of Christ’s ap- pearance, as the preceding words had declared the purpose of redemption. It is related in the life of the Roman dra- matic poet, Terence, that when one of the personages of his comedy, the “ Self- Tormentor,” the first time uttered on the stage the line “ Homo sum, liumani nil alienum puto” (1 am a man, nothing human is uninteresting to me), a universal shout of applause burst forth from the whole audience, and that in so great a multitude of Romans, and deputies from the nations, their subjects and allies, there was not one individual but felt in his heart this noble sentiment. Yet how feeble and defective it is, in comparison with the Christian command of charity as unfolded in the discoveries of Christ and enlarged upon in the writings of his apostles. The heart of man will always AND ITS TEACHINGS. 97 respond with rapture to this sentiment when there is no selfish or unsocial pas- sion to oppose it: but the command to lay it down as the great and fundamental rule of conduct for human life, and to subdue and sacrifice all the tyrannical and selfish passions to preserve it, this is the peculiar and unfading glory of Chris- tianity; this is the conquest over our- selves, which, without the aid of a merci- ful God, none of us can achieve, and which it was worthy of his special interposition to enable us to accomplish. From your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. 7 98 THE BIBLE LETTER VIII. The whole system of Christianity appears to have been set forth by its Di- vine Author in his sermon on the mount, recorded in the fifth, sixth, and seventh chapters of Matthew. I intend hereafter to make them the subject of remarks, much more at large ; for the present, I confine myself merely to general views. What I would impress upon your mind, is infinitely important to the happiness and virtue of your life, as the general spirit of Christianity, and the duties which results from it. In my last letter, I showed you, from the very words of our Savior, that he commanded his dis- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 99 ciples to aim at absolute perfection, and that this perfection consisted in self-sub- jugation and brotherly love, in the com- plete conquest of our own passions, qgid in the practice of benevolence to our fel- low-creatures. Among the Grecian sys- tems of moral philosophy, that of the Stoics resembles the Christian doctrine in the particular of requiring the total subjugation of the passions ; and this part of the Stoic principles was adopted by the academies. You will find the question discussed with all the eloquence and ingenuity of Cicero, in the fourth of his Tusoulan disputations, which I advise you to read and meditate upon. You will there find proved, the duty of sub- duing the passions. It is sometimes ob- jected that this theory is not adapted to the infirmities of human nature ; that it is not made for a being so constituted as man ; that an earthen vessel is not 100 THE BIBLE formed to dash itself against a rock ; that in yielding to the impulses of the pas- sions, man only follows the dictates of h^ nature ; that to subdue them entirely, is an effort beyond his powers. The weakness and frailty of our nature, it is not possible to deny — it is too strongly tested by all human experience, as well as by the whole tenor of the Scriptures; but the degree of weakness must be measured by the efforts to overcome it, and not by indulgence to it. Once admit weakness as an argument to forbear ex- ertion, and it results in absolute impo- tence. It is also very inconclusive rea- soning to infer, that because perfection is not absolutely to be obtained, it is there- fore not to be sought. Human excellence consists in approximation to perfection : and the only means of approaching to any term, is by endeavoring to obtain the term itself. With these convictions up- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 101 on the mind — with a sincere and honest effort to practise upon them, and with the aid of a divine blessing, which is promised to it, the approaches to perfec- tion may at least be so great, as to nearly answer all the ends which absolute per- fection itself could attain. All exertion, therefore, is virtue ; and if the tree be judged by its fruit, it is certain that all the most virtuous characters of heathen antiquity, were the disciples of the Stoic doctrine. But let it even be admitted that a perfect command of the passions is unattainable to human infirmity, it will still be true, that the degree of moral ex- cellence possessed by any individual, is in exact proportion to the degree of con- trol he exercises over himself. Accord- ing to the Stoics, all vice was resolvable into folly: according to the Christian principle it is all the effect of weakness. In order to preserve the dominion of our 102 THE BIBLE own passions, it behooves ns to be con- stantly and strictly on our guard against the influence and infection of the passions of others. This caution above all is neces- sary to youth ; and I deem it indispensable to enjoin it upon you — because, as kind- ness and benevolence comprise the whole system of Christian duties, there may be, and often is, great danger of falling into errors and vice, merely for the want of energy to resist the example or entice- ment of others. On this point the true character of Christian morality appears to me to have been misunderstood by some of its ablest and warmest defenders. In Paley’s “ View of the Evidences of Christianity,” there is a chapter up- on the morality of the gospel, the gene- ral tenor, of wThieh (as of the whole work) is excellent, but in which there is the following passage : u There are two opposite descriptions of character, under AND ITS TEACHINGS. 103 which mankind may generally be class- ed : the one possesses vigor, firmness, resolution, is active and daring, quick in its sensibilities, jealous of its fame, eager in its attachments, inflexible of its pur- poses, violent in its resentment ; the other meek, yielding, complying, forgiving, not prompt to act, but willing to suffer, silent and gentle under rudeness and insults, suing for reconciliation, where others would demand satisfaction ; giving away to the pushes of impudence, conceding and indulgent to the prejudices, the wrong- headedness, the intractability of others, with whom it has to deal. The former of these characters is, and ever has been, the favorite of the world ; it is the char- acter of great men — there is a dignity in it which commands respect. The latter is poor-spirited, tame, and abject. Yet, so it has happened, that with the founder of Christianity, the latter is the subject of 104 THE BIBLE his commendation, his precepts, his ex- ample, and that the former is so in no part of its composition. Dr. Paley in this place adopts the opinion of Soame Jennings, whose essay on the “Internal Evidences of Christianity” he strongly recommends ; but I can not consider it either as an accurate and discerning de^ lineation of character, nor as exhibiting a correct representation of Christian prin- ciples. The founder of Christianity did indeed pronounce distinct and positive blessings upon the “poor in spirit,” which is by no means synonymous writh the “poor-spirited ;” and upon the meek; but in what part of the gospel did Dr. Paley find him countenancing by “ com- mendation, by precept or example, the tame and abject” ? The character which Christ assumed upon earth, was that of a Lord and Master ; it was in that char- acter his disciples received and acknowl- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 105 edged him. The obedience he required was unbounded, infinitely beyond that which was ever claimed by the most ab- solute earthly sovereign of his subjects : never for one moment did he recede from this authoritative station ; he preserved it in washing the feet of his disciples ; he preserved it in answer to the officer who struck him for this very deportment to the high- priest ; he preserved it in the agony of his ejaculation on the cross, “ F ather, forgive them, for they know not what they do.” He expressly declared himself, “ the Prince of this world, and the Son of God.” He spoke as one hav- ing authority, not only to his disciples, but to his mother, to his judges, to Pilate the Roman governor, to John the Baptist, his precursor; and there is not in the four gospels, one act, not one word re- corded of him (excepting his communion with God), that was not a direct or im- 106 THE BIBLE plied assertion of authority. He said to his disciples, “ Learn of me, for I am meek and lowly of heart,” 6c c. ; but j where did he ever say to them, “ Learn of me, for I am tame and abject” ? There is certainly nothing more strongly marked in the precepts and examples of Christ, than the principle of stubborn and inflex- ible resistance against the impulses of others to evil. He taught his disciples to renounce everything that is counted enjoyment upon earth ; “ to take up their cross,” and to suffer ill-treatment, perse- cution, and death, for his sake. What else is the book of the “Acts of the Apostles,” than a record of the faith- fulness with which these chosen ministers of the gospel carried these injunctions into execution ? In the conduct and speeches of Peter, John, and Paul, is there anything that could justly be called “ tame or abject” ? Is there any- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 107 thing indicating a resemblance to the sec- ond class of character into which Dr. Paley divides all mankind ? If there is a character upon historical record distin- guished by a bold, inflexible, tenacious, and intrepid spirit, it is that of Paul. It was to such characters only, that the commission to “ teach all nations,” could be committed with certainty of success. Observe the impression of Christ, in his charge to Peter (a rock) : “ And upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” Dr. Paley’s Christian is one of those drivellers, who, to use a vulgar phrase, can never say no, to anybody. The true Christian is the “ Justum et tenacem propositi virum” of Horace, (“the man who is just and steady to his purpose”). The combination of these qualities so es- sential to heroic character, with those of meekness, lowliness of heart, and broth- 108 THE BIBLE erly love, is what constitutes that moral perfection of which Christ gave an ex- ample in his own life, and to wdiich he commands his disciples to aspire. En- deavor, my dear son, to discipline your heart, and to govern your conduct by these principles thus combined ; be meek, be gentle, be kindly affectionate to all mankind, not excepting your enemies; but never be “ tame or abject never give way to the pushes of impudence, or show yourself yielding or complying to prejudice, wTong-headedness, or intracta- bility, which would lead or draw you astray from the dictates of your own con- science, and your owm sense of right : “ till you die, let not your integrity de- part from you build your house upon the rock, and then let the rains descend, and the floods come, and the winds blow and beat upon that house — “ it shall not fall, it wdll be founded upon a rock.” AND ITS TEACHINGS. 109 So promises your blessed Lord and Master, and so prays your affectionate Father. John Quincy Adams. 110 THE BIBLE LETTER IX. The fourth and last point of view in which I proposed to offer you some gen- eral observations upon the Scriptures, was with reference to literature ; and the first remark that presents itself is, that the five books of Moses, are the most an- cient monuments of written language now extant in the world ; the book of Job is nearly of the same date, and by many of the Jewish and Christian commentators, is thought to have been written by Moses. The employment of alphabetical charac- ters to represent all the articulations of the human voice, is the greatest invention that ever was compassed by human AND ITS TEACHINGS. Ill genius. Plato says that “ it was the dis- covery of either a God, or a man divinely inspired.” The Egyytians ascribed it to Thot, whom the Greeks afterward wor- shipped under the name of Hermes. This is, however, a fabulous origin. That it was an Egyptian invention, there is little doubt ; and it was a part of that learning of the Egyptians, in all of which we are told, “ Moses was versed.” It is probable that when Moses wrote, this act was, if not absolutely recent, of no very remote invention. There was but one copy of the law written in a book. It was deposited in the ark of the covenant, and was read aloud once in seven years, to all the people, at their general assembly in the feast of taber- nacles. There was one other copy of the law, written upon stone, erected on Mount Ebal. It does not appear that there existed any other copies. In pro- 112 THE BIBLE cess of time the usage of reading it thus must have been dropped, and the monu- ment upon Mount Ebal must have per- ished ; for in the reign of Josiah, about eight hundred years afterward, the book of the law was found in the temple. How long it had been lost is not expressly told ; but from the astonishment and consterna- tion of Josiah upon hearing the book read, its contents must have been long forgot- ten so that scarcely a tradition of them remained. We are indeed told, that, when the ark of the covenant was de- posited in the temple of Solomon, there was nothing in the ark save the two tables, which Moses put therein at Horeb. The two tables contained not the whole law, but the ten commandments : the book of the law was therefore no longer in the ark, at the dedication of Solomon’s tem- ple ; that is, about five hundred years after the law was given, and three hun- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 113 dred before tlie book was found by Hez- ekiah tlie high-priest, in the eighteenth year of Josiah. From these circum- stances, as well as from the expedients used by Moses and Joshua for preserving the ceremonial law, and the repeated covenant between God and the people, it is observed that the art and practice of writing was extremely rare, and that very few of the people were even taught to read ; that there were few books ex- tant, and of those few, only single copies ; the art of writing, speaking, and think- ing, with their several modifications of grammar, rhetoric, and logic, were never cultivated among the Hebrews, as they were (though not till a thousand years later than Moses) among the Greeks. Philosophical research and the spirit of analysis appear to have belonged among the ancient nations, exclusively to the Greeks ; they studied language as a sei- 8 114 THE BIBLE ence, and from the discoveries they made in this pursuit, resulted a system of lit- erary compositions, founded upon logical deductions. The language of the ancient writers was not constructed upon the foundation of abtruse science ; it partakes of the nature of all primitive languages, which is almost entirely figurative ; and in some degree of the character of prim- itive writing and hieroglyphics. We are not told from what materials Moses compiled the book of Genesis (which contains the history of the creation, and of three hundred years succeeding it, and which terminates three generations prior to the birth of Moses himself), whether he had it altogether from tradition, or whether he collected it from the more ancient written or printed memorials. The account of the creation, of the fall of man, and all the antediluvian part of the history, carries strong internal evi- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 115 dences of having been copied or (if I may express myself) translated from hiero- glyphic or symbolical record ; the story is of the most perfect simplicity, the dis- courses of the persons introduced, are given as if taken down verbatim, from their mouths, and the narrative is scarcely anything more than the connecting link of the discourses ; the genealogies are given with great precision ; and, this is one of the most remarkable peculiarities of the Old Testament ; the rest is all figurative ; the rib, the garden, the tree of life, and of the knowledge of good and evil, the apple, the serpent, are all images which seem to indicate a hieroglyphic origin. All the historical books, of both the Old and New Testaments, retain the peculiar characteristics that I have no- ticed ; the simplicity and brevity of the narrative, the practice of repeating all discourses in the identical words spoken, 116 THE BIBLE and the constant use of figurative sym- bolical and allegorical language. But of the rules of composition, prescribed by the Grecian schools, the unities of Aris- totle, or the congruities of figures taught by the Greek philologists, not a feature is to be seen. The Psalms are a collection of songs ; the Song of Solomon is a pas- toral poem ; the Proverbs are a collection of moral sentences and maxims, appa- rently addressed by Solomon to his son, with the addition of others of the same description; the prophetical books are partly historical and partly poetical — they contain the narrative of visions and revelations of the Deity to the prophets, who recorded them. In the New Testament, the four gos- pels and the Acts of the Apostles are historical — they contain memoirs of the life of Christ, and some of his disciples, and the proceedings of some of his prin- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 117 cipal apostles, for some years after his decease. The simplicity of the narra- tive, is the same as that of the Old Tes- tament ; the style in general, indicates an age when reading and writing, had be- come more common, and books more mul- tiplied. The Epistles of Paul, are the productions of a mind educated in the learning of the age, and well versed in the Grecian literature ; from his history, it appears that he was not only capable of maintaining an argument with the doctors of the Jewish law, but of dis- cussing principles with the Stoic and Epicurean philosophers; his speech at Athens is a specimen of eloquence wor- thy of an audience in the native country of Demosthenes. The Apocalypse of John resembles, in many respects, some of the prophetical books of the Old Tes- tament ; the figurative, symbolical, and allegorical language of these books shows 118 THE BIBLE. a range of imagination suitable only to be the record of dreams and visions — their language is in many parts inexpli- cably obscure. It has been, and it is to this day, among the follies and vices of many sects of Christians, to attempt ex- planations of them, adapted to sectarian purposes and opinions. The style of none of the books, of either the Old or New Testament, affords a general model for imitation to a writer of the present age ; the principles and rules for composition derived from Greek and Roman schools, and the example of their principal wri- ters, have been so generally adopted in modem literature, that the Scriptures — differing so essentially from them — could not be imitated without great affectation ; but for pathos of narrative ; for the se- lections of incidents that go directly to the heart ; for the picturesque of charac- ter and manner ; the selection of circum- AND ITS TEACHINGS. 119 stances that mark tlie individuality of persons ; for copiousness, grandeur, and sublimity of imagery ; for unanswerable cogency and closeness of reasoning ; and for irresistible force of persuasion: no book in the world deserves to be so un- ceasingly studied, and so profoundly med- itated upon as the Bible. I shall conclude here the series of let- ters which I proposed, about two years ago, to write you for the purpose of ex- horting you to search the Scriptures, and of pointing out to your consideration the general points of application ; with a view to which, I thought this study might be made profitable to the improve- ment and usefulness of your future life. There are other and particular points to which I may hereafter occasionally in- vite your attention. I am sensible how feeble and superficial what I have writ- ten has been, and every letter has con- 120 THE BIBLE vinced me more and more of my own in- competency to the adequate performance of the task I had assumed ; bnt my great object was to show yon the import- ance of devoting your own faculties to this pursuit ; to read the Bible is of itself a laudable occupation and can scarcely fail of being a useful employment of time ; but the habit of reflecting upon what you have read is equally essential as that of reading itself, to give it all the efficacy of which it is suceptible. I therefore recommend to you to set apart a small portion of every day to read one or more chapters of the Bible, and always read it with reference to some particular train of observation or reflection. In these letters, I have suggested to you four general ones. Considering the Scrip- tures as Divine Revelations ; as histori- cal records ; as a system of morals ; and as literary compositions. There are AND ITS TEACHINGS. 121 many otlier points of view in which they may be subjects of useful investigation. As an expedient for fixing your attention, make it also a practice for some time, to minute down in writing your reflections upon what you read from day to day ; you may perhaps at first find this irk- some, and your reflections scanty and un- important, but they will soon become both easy and copious. Be careful of all not to let your reading make you a ped- ant, or a bigot ; let it never puff you up with pride or a conceited opinion of your own knowledge, nor make you intolerant of the opinions which others draw from the same source, however different from your own. And may the merciful Crea- tor, who gave the Scriptures for our in- struction, bless your study of them, and make them to you “fruitful of good works.” Your affectionate F ather, John Quincy Adams. [In 1840, Mr. Morgan, the present secretary of state of New York, occupied a seat in Congress next to that of Mr. Adams. Several young ladies in Mr. Ogle’s district had requested Mr. Adams’s auto- graph. In complying with that request, Mr. Adams added the following poem, a copy of which Mr. Morgan obtained. Mr. Adams, be it remembered, when this spirited poem was written, had attained his 74th year.] 'fflElH WASTE'S ®3F MJkJSTo BY JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. “ Man wants but little here below, Nor wants that little long.” Goldsmith's Hermit. I. “ Man wants but little here below, Nor wants that little long.” *Tis not with me exactly so — But ’t is so in the song. My wants are many, and, if told, Would muster many a score ; And were each wish a mint of gold, I still should long for more. II. What first I want is daily bread, And canvas-backs and wine, And all the realms of nature spread Before me when I dine : Four courses scarcely can provide My appetite to quell, * With four choice cooks from France beside, To dress my dinner well. THE WANTS OF MAN. 123 III. What next I want, at heavy cost, Is elegant attire — Black sable furs for winter’s frost, And silks for summer’s fire, And Cashmere shawls and Brussels lace My bosom’s front to deck, And diamond rings my hands to grace, And rubies for my neck. IV. And then I want a mansion fair, A dwelling-house in style, Four stories high, for wholesome air, A massive marble pile : With halls for banquets and for balls All furnished rich and fine ; With stabled studs in fifty stalls, And cellars for my wine. v. I want a garden and a park My dwelling to surround — A thousand acres (bless the mark !) With walls encompassed round, Where flocks may range and herds may low, And kids and lambkins play — And flowers and fruits commingled grow, ' All Eden to display. VI. I want, when summer’s foliage falls, And autumn strips the trees, A house within the city’s walls, For comfort and for ease — But here, as space is somewhat scant, And acres rather rare, My house in town I only want To occupy a square. 124 THE WANTS OF MAN. TIL I want a steward, butler, cooks, A coachman, footman, grooms, A library of well-bound books, And picture-garnished rooms — Correggios, Magdalen, and Night, The Matron of the chair — Guido’s fleet-courses in their flight, And Claudes, at least a pair. VIII. I want a cabinet profuse Of medals, coins, and gems ; A printing-press, for private use, Of fifty thousand ems. And plants, and minerals, and shells — Worms, insects, fishes, birds, And every beast on earth that dwells In solitude or herds. IX I want a board of burnished plate, Of silver and of gold — Tureens of twenty pounds in weight, With sculpture’s richest mould — Plateaus with chandeliers and lamps, Plates, dishes, all the same, And porcelain vases with the stamps Of Sevres, Angouleme. x. And maples of fair glossy stain Must form my chamber-doors, And carpets of the Wilton grain Must cover all my floors ; My walls with tapestry bedecked Must never be outdone, And damask curtains must protect Their colors from the sun. THE WANTS OF MAN. 125 XL And mirrors of the largest pane From Venice must be brought, And sandal-wood and bamboo-cane For chairs and tables bought ; On all the mantelpieces, clocks Of thrice-gilt bronze must stand, And screens of ebony and box Invite the stranger’s hand. XII. I want — (who does not want ?) — a wife, Affectionate and fair, To solace all the woes of life, And all its jojrs to share — Of temper sweet, of yielding will, Of firm yet placid mind — With all my faults to love me still, With sentiment refined. XIII. And as Time’s car incessant runs, And Fortune fills my store, I want of daughters and of sons From eight to half a score : I want (alas ! can mortal dare Such bliss on earth to crave ?) That all the girls be chaste and fair — The boys all wise and brave. XIV. And when my bosom’s darling sings With melody divine, A pedal-harp of many strings Must with her voice combine : A piano, exquisitively wrought, Must open stand, apart, That all my daughters may he taught To win the stranger’s heart. \ 126 THE WANTS OF MAN. XV. My wife and daughters will desire Refreshment from perfumes, Cosmetic for the skin require, And artificial blooms : The civet, fragrance shall dispense And treasured sweets return — Cologne revive the flagging sense, And smoking amber burn. XVI. And when, at night, my weary head Begins to droop and doze, A southern chamber holds my bed For nature’s soft repose : With blankets, counterpanes, and sheet, Mattress and bed of down, And comfortables for my feet, And pillows for my crown. XVII. I want a warm and faithful friend To cheer the adverse hour, Who ne’er to flatter will descend Nor bend the knee to power — A friend to chide me when I’m wrong, My inmost soul to see, And that my friendship proves as strong For him as his for me. XVIII. 1 want a kind and tender heart For others’ wants to feel, A soul secure from Fortune’s dart, And bosom armed with steel — To bear divine chastisement’s rod, And mingling, in my plan, Submission to the will of God With charity to man. THE WANTS OF MAN, 127 XIX. 1 want a keen, observing eye — • An ever-listening ear, The truth through all disguise to spy, And wisdom’s voice to hear : A tongue to speak at virtue’s need, In Heaven’s sublimest strain. And lips the cause of man to plead, And never plead in vain. XX. I want uninterrupted health Throughout my long career ; And streams of never-failing wealth To scatter far and near, The destitute to clothe and feed, Free bounty to bestow — Supply the helpless orphan’s need And sooth the widow’s wo. XXI. I want the genius to conceive, The talents to unfold Designs, the vicious to retrieve — The virtuous to uphold : Inventive power, combining skill, A persevering soul, Of human hearts to mould the will And reach from pole to pole. XXII. I want the seals of power and place, The ensigns of command — Charged by the people’s unbought grace, To rule my native land : Nor crown, nor sceptre, would I ask, But from my country’s will, By day, by night, to ply the task Her cup of bliss to fill. 128 THE WANTS OF MAN. XXIII. I want the voice of honest praise To follow me behind, And to be thought in future days The friend of human kind — That after-ages, as they rise, Exulting may proclaim. In choral union to the skies, Their blessings on my name. XXIV. These are the wants of mortal man : I can not want them long, F or life itself is but a span And earthly bliss a song. My last great want, absorbing all, Is, when beneath the sod. And summoned to my final call. The mercy of my God. XXV. And oh ! while circles in my veins Of life the purple stream. And yet a fragment small remains Of nature’s transient dream. My soul, in humble hope unscarred. Forget not thou to pray, That this thy want may be prepared To meet the Judgment-day ! THE END.

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